KWAZULU-NATAL BRANCH

Newsletter No. 512
December 2018

MEMBER NEWS.
1.0 SAMHS was represented at the four Memorial Service's at Durban Cenotaph on the 100th Anniversary of the First World War Armistice, 11th November 2018, by ex Chairman Roy Bowman and Ulrich Duebi.
1.1 Roy Bowman represented the KZN Branch of the SAMHS at the DURBAN HIGH SCHOOL MEMORIAL SERVICE on the 10TH November 2018 at Durban High School.

2.0 RECLAIMING HALF A CENTURY LOST, AT A CENTENNIAL

Written by Lgr Peter Dickens

On the 11/11/2018 - exactly 100 years after the end of the Great War on the 11/11/1918 - at the exact minute the guns were silenced on the Western Front in 1918 (i.e. 11 am), a group of South African veterans stood to attention in London. They were all taking part in the 'Cenotaph Parade' and whilst Big Ben tolled 11 times they reflected during the two minutes silence.

The minutes of reflection and silence was signalled by Artillery Guns whose shots reverberated over London as they marked the beginning of the silence period and the end. The guns had been fired from the Horse Guards Parade Ground by The King's Troop - just opposite the South African contingent now standing in file in Whitehall with all the other arms of service, regiment, veteran and remembrance associations waiting to march past the Cenotaph.

The retort of the gun literally shattered the cacophony of London's noise, bringing absolute silence and in so bringing into sharp focus why the South African veterans were there - honouring countrymen who had given their all during World War 1 and in the future wars to come - and it also put perspective on the seven-year long journey they had taken to get there. Nothing in life is simple and nothing can be taken for granted - and the representation of South Africans on this specific parade, on this specific date was no different.

The historical journey of South African veteran contingents marching past the cenotaph in London had not been a continuous one, the early footsteps left by South African First World War veterans in recognition of their comrades lost had been reaffirmed by their Springbok brothers of the Second World War. However by the 1960's the footprints came to an abrupt end and the South African veterans were no longer seen at this parade for the next 5 full decades to come, the story of South African commitment and sacrifice to crown during World War 1 and World War 2 fading quickly in the British collective memory.

For these veterans, to stand on this parade in London on this day in 2018, represented as a South African military veteran, proudly wearing the insignia, blazer and beret of South African Legion is something. Think about it, and put it fully in perspective, they finally stood to commemorate South African sacrifice at the Centenary of the end of World War 1, when for a full half Century of that Century there had been no proper annual South African contingent at this prestigious parade - at all.

Here, on the Centenary of the World War 1's Armistice in London - the South African Legion stood proud in its rightful place as the primo (the first) South African Veteran's Association (the SA Legion is also nearly 100 years old itself). It was also the only South African affiliated veteran association at this climax to the centennial celebrations - the Whitehall Cenotaph Parade. A lot as to representing South African sacrifice was on the shoulders of this relatively small contingent of South African Legion veterans wearing the Legion's (and country's) green and gold.

So what happened to the South African representation in the past - why did it stop for five decades? How and when was it re-started? Why only the Legion? Why only now and what does the future for South African representation at this parade hold?

More to that, who in South Africa should care, so what - what is the importance of London's Cenotaph to South Africans anyway?

Why London's Cenotaph?

So what's so important about London's Cenotaph in relation to the other World War 1 monuments the world over, including many in South Africa itself? Look at it this way, the Cenotaph in Whitehall is the epicentre of 'remembrance' of the First World War - for everyone, the world over.

Before the end of World War 1, based on the Red Cross officer Fabian Ware's recommendation in 1917 the British government and The Imperial War Office, made an extraordinary decision; no British or Commonwealth fallen would be repatriated back to their country of origin. They would be buried in the country where they fell and their graves, honour roll and monuments would be looked after by a Graves Registration Commission - which we now know as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC).

A South African nurse places a wreath on her brother's grave during the South African Brigade's memorial service at Delville Wood, 17 February 1918. This decision was controversial and it caused absolute consternation, the United States of America repatriated their war dead from the western front back to the USA, even the French war dead were repatriated back to their villages or towns. It was 'back home' that family, friends and community could look after their dead - conduct a burial, and the grave could stand as a physical presence of the loved one to pay respects and remember.

With British and Commonwealth war dead now not 'coming home' - how were people to remember? Where could family and friends go? - not everyone could go to France, Belgium, Turkey and the myriad of countries the British and her Empire fought the war in to visit their lost loved one. There's more, even to people who could afford to repatriate their dead to the family plot could no longer do so, let alone those who could not - and officers and men were now buried side by side, with no distinction given to rank, class or race - for a society breaking down Imperial barriers this was revolutionary thinking - but for a part of that society still bent on class differentiation it was an outrage.

A solution to tangibly meet this need and bring the entire remembrance ritual and service back to the United Kingdom was urgently needed, and it needed to be one which remembered all who were sacrified in the service to crown - Great Britain, the Dominions (Ireland, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand) and all the other British Colonies, Protectorates and Territories.

The solution came in an unintended format, a temporary cenotaph monument, made from plaster and wood had been designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and erected for the London Victory Parade on the 19th July 1919 (to commemorate the Treaty of Versailles). There would be a 'hollow square' formed around the structure (as would happen in the field when soldiers hold a drum head service) and the Cenotaph would then act as the 'Drum head' - symbolising a tomb.

The temporary structure with its words 'The Glorious Dead' surprisingly met with great public enthusiasm desperately seeking a place to mourn, it became an icon, a beacon - finally there was a physical structure in England itself to which they could remember all the dead, lay wreaths and flowers to lost comrades, brothers, sisters, mothers and fathers. After the parade finished and for some time to come the base of the temporary structure was continuously covered with flowers and wreaths by members of the public. Public pressure mounted to retain it, and the British War Cabinet decided on 30 July 1919 that a permanent replica memorial made of Portland stone should replace the wooden version and be designated Britain's official national war memorial.

The permanent stone structure of the Cenotaph in Whitehall was unveiled in a ceremony by King George V on the 11th November 1920 with the arrival of gun carriage bearing the coffin of an 'Unknown Warrior' at 11 am. In another groundbreaking move to symbolise remembrance a grave marking an 'unknown' british soldier was randomly selected (and it could have been anyone, even possibly someone from the Commonweath in a British unit - who knows?) and opened in France, this simple soldier, a 'commoner' known only unto God was repatriated to England to be buried amongst Kings at Westminster Abby and he was afforded a King's funeral procession from the Cenotaph.

Now in the west end of the Naive at Westminster Abby, the tomb of the Unknown Warrior has two fine traditions - you cannot walk over it and at any Royal wedding that takes place in Westminster Abby, the bride's wedding bouquet is always left by the bride on the tomb itself - it's this lucky chap who gets to catch the royal bouquet. The text inscribed on the tomb is taken from the bible (2 Chronicles 24:16): 'They buried him among the kings, because he had done good toward God and toward his house'.

The 'Cenotaph' in Whitehall is literally the epicentre of 'Remembrance' - it is the central grave marker that remembers all the names of British and Commonwealth fallen who were not repatriated 'back home' - and the central Whitehall Cenotaph was to be replicated in Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa (Durban, Cape Town and Johannesburg all have their own 'cenotaph') as the concept fanned out.

In the United Kingdom the South Africans were special, a South African hospital complex existed in Richmond (west London) treating WW1 wounded, and in addition to commemorating South African sacrifice at the main Cenotaph in Whitehall, a second Cenotaph - to the design of Sir Edwin Lutyens' one in Whitehall, with a South African UDF 'Springbok' emblem on the top and 'Our Glorious Dead' in English and Dutch written on it was erected in Richmond and unveiled by Jan Smuts.

All of this, the concept of the Whitehall cenotaph and even the South Africa's own cenotaph in London would eventually be lost to South Africa, for half a century, and it's still lost to many South Africans - so how did that happen?

South African Pilgrimages

After World War 1 ended, a number of various returned services' (i.e. veterans') associations came into existence all around Britain and the Commonwealth. These were all consolidated in a historic meeting held by a newly formatted umbrella body - The British Empire Services League (BESL), and the inaugural meeting took place in Cape Town, South Africa in 1921. Two people were to play a key role in this consolidation of veteran associations and to a large degree centralising 'remembrance' under one guiding body - Field Marshal Earl Haig and General Jan Smuts.

This makes South Africa the epicentre of what is now the Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services Leagues (RCEL) and the founding partners are the Royal British Legion, Royal Canadian Legion, Royal Legion Scotland, South African Legion, Returned Services' League Australia and the Royal New Zealand Returned Services' Association.

Relevance to the Cenotaph in Whitehall? Well, it's the Royal British Legion, the brother association of the South African Legion, which manages the Whitehall Remembrance Sunday Cenotaph parade and all the key associated remembrance activities in the United Kingdom.

After the South African Legion was formed in 1921 it went about conducting annual 'pilgrimages' for veterans of The First World War and families of the South African fallen to go to Europe and make the 'connection' with their loved ones who did not come home.

The South African Legion's pilgrimages to the United Kingdom often took place over the Remembrance period in November, this sometimes involved a parade in Portsmouth at the memorial there to the men lost on the SS Mendi. They regularly held a parade at the South African Cenotaph in Richmond London, and annually, on Remembrance Sunday they participated in the Whitehall Cenotaph Parade as guests of the Royal British Legion and laid a wreath. The pilgrimages were almost always linked up with visits to Delville Wood in France and Menin Gate in Belgium.

These SA Legion pilgrimages expanded after the Second World War somewhat, and South African veterans of both World War 1 and World War 2 in the 1950s regularly took part in the Whitehall Cenotaph Parade on Remembrance Sunday as well as visiting the chapel and South African cenotaph in Richmond.

Half a century of wilderness

The annual laying of a South African wreath and veteran participation as a South African contingent at the Whitehall Cenotaph parade on Remembrance Sunday came to an end from 1961. In 1960, HF Verwoed and the Afrikaner Nationalists, now in consolidated power in South Africa, having changed the constitution, pressed for a 'Republic' referendum which they won on the narrowest of margins by gerrymandering the vote - ensuring that whites only, and Afrikaner whites in particular, had the only decision on the future of South Africa's status in the world, and especially its relationship with the United Kingdom. All the other communities in South Africa, the vast majority of her people - coloured, Indian and Black were excluded from the decision to change South Africa's Dominion status - and all of them, including Nelson Mandela expressed solid opposition to it.

Opposition to the establishment of a South African Republic and subsequent removal from the Commonwealth

This was followed one year later in 1961 when as a newly minted independent Afrikaner Republic, the Afrikaner Nationalists removed South Africa from the British Commonwealth of Nations amid heavy criticism of their Apartheid policies by all the member states. The Sharpville Massacre had just taken place in 1960, opposition political groupings had been banned in the wake of Sharpville and the beginning of the 1960s saw South Africa embarking on an internal armed struggle.

How did the British establishment react to it all in relation to their Cenotaph Parade? The answer - no differently to the way they now deal with Zimbabwe as a 'rogue' state outside the Commonwealth. They simply removed South Africa's status from the Dominion and Commonwealth High Commission wreath layer line up at the beginning of parade. If you consider that they had no choice really - South Africa was no longer a Dominion and no longer part of the Commonwealth 'club' - so had no place, and given Apartheid, South Africa could not really be afforded a special status on a world stage - such was the politics of the day.

In the end it was the Nationalist South African goverment who removed the country from the Commonwealth, not the other way round and it was the government of South Africa who paid scant regard to this sacrifice - seeing it as and act of treachery in support of the hated British instead, not the other way round.

But what about sacrifice and veterans' remembrance? Here the Royal British Legion came to the rescue in what was turning out to be bad news all around for South Africa and agreed that in the absence of South African representation they would lay the wreath on behalf of South Africa.

What followed was an unprecedented absence of over fifty years, in South Africa the SA Legion as the 'national body' for veterans and all related veteran organisations with Commonwealth and British links and shared heritage, including the Memorable Order of Tin Hats (MOTH), all went into steady decline. The newly reconfigured South African Defence Force under the ideals of the Republic went on to insidiously remove or relegate to secondary status all the deeds of bravery, heroes, insignia, heritage, history, medals and any other links to the United Kingdom. In effect the South African veterans of World War 1 and World War 2 now found themselves marginalised by the government - victims of Apartheid in effect.

The removal of South Africa from the Commonwealth spurred the Springbok magazine, the South African Legion's mouthpiece to lead with a headline 'What Now?' The truthful answer - not much! Government finances were gradually squeezed off, recruits from the armed forces were squeezed off, the poppy appeal gradually losing its momentum and relevance in South Africa as catastrophic and seismic political events in South Africa over took it.

In this general decline in relevance outside the commonwealth, decline in national party government support for old 'union defence force' veteran affairs and decline in public finance from donations - was the decline in SA Legion's annual pilgrimages to Europe, and with that general decline in just about everything, eventually also went the annual laying of the South African veterans' wreath by the Royal British Legion at the Whitehall cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday.

1994 is significant in many ways; South Africa rejoined the British Commonwealth of Nations and was reinstated in things like the Whitehall Cenotaph Parade - and today the South African high commissioner joins the wreath party with all the old and current dominions (i.e. Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand) and is given first honour to lay their wreaths ahead of all other Commonwealth member states. It stands to reason - these were the key contributors to the British military advance - in World War 1 and World War 2 (missing from this line up is Zimbabwe - which continues to be controversial as they continue to remain outside the Commonwealth - as South Africa had).

But what of the South African military veterans component of the Whitehall Cenotaph Parade itself? - the critical connection of this contingent to the remembrance of their brothers in arms' sacrifices marking the recognition of their graves on foreign soil by passing the epicentre memorial of Remembrance in London - even as late as 2011, no South African identified contingent of veterans was properly represented. The Canadians and even the USA, Czech Republic and Poland have had representation in the past 50 years - but not the South Africans. Why?

Reconstituting South African veteran representation in the UK

I arrived in the United Kingdom in 2010 after a stint in Australia. Whilst in Australia - as a South African military veteran - I had joined SAMVOA, the South African Military Veterans Organisation of Australasia and I was amazed at the camaraderie and inclusion South African veterans received from the Returned Services' League of Australia (RSL). We were happily included in the annual state ANZAC Day parades and afforded all the privileges of RSL members. The historical military links between South Africa and Australia forged during WW1 and WW2 were remembered - and stronger than ever. The open gratitude of the Australian community expressed to all veterans - Australian and just about anyone who has served in a statute force with a link to Australia was something to behold.

On arrival in the U.K., I tried to make contact with a South African Council of Military Veterans's Organisation affiliated SAMVOA equivalent to participate in the London Cenotaph Parade, only to discover that no such organisation existed. I watched the cenotaph parade on telly, gob-smacked to see visiting US Marine veterans on parade and not a South African in sight. Advances to find out the status of MOTH (Memorable Order of Tin Hats) shellholes in the UK were met with disappointment - they had no marketing and were closing down shellholes hand over foot and had even done away with the enshrined regulations behind the order - that is it was an 'order' for 'Combat/Operational statutory force military veterans' only. However, civilians and veterans alike could now join the MOTH in the U.K. on an equal level - a change in enshrined MOTH-qualifying criteria done to try to keep the order afloat in the U.K., which in its own odd way also serves to undermine the principles of the Order.

In 2011, after contacting the Royal British Legion to take part in the Cenotaph parade had been declined, I found myself as a single solitary South African veteran in a Trafalgar Square Royal British Legion (RBL) side-show for the general public laying a wreath in one of the ponds, and I noticed a single solitary MOTH member doing the same. That was the sum total of South African veterans' representation in London on Remembrance Weekend.

Something had to be done, South African representation had slipped into nothing, general amnesia as to South African inclusion in any key state driven veteran or remembrance activity had set in across the entire establishment in the United Kingdom. Half a century of exclusion does that.

It also was not helped by the fact that from 1961 until that point in 2011 the South Africa embassy in the United Kingdom's military attaché had not taken to much public Remembrance Representation work, nor had they established any significant links with The Royal British Legion or the Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services' League. The old guard SADF attaché wanted nothing to do with these organisations and by the time the new guard SANDF attaché had come in, they had no context or knowledge of the historical links, nor is it a current priority of theirs to reforge them (all too 'colonial', frankly).

As a result neither the South African military establishment or veterans' associations were on the United Kingdom's 'Remembrance Calendar' radar - at all. Not 'recognised' = not 'invited' = not 'represented'.

In 2012 I colluded with a fellow South African veteran, Norman Sander, to address the matter, and looking at the history, links and association between the South African Legion and the Royal British Legion. We felt a branch of the South African Legion in the United Kingdom was the route to go. Lgr Godfrey Giles, the then National President of the South African Legion, agreed and a branch materialised in the U.K.

All good right, representation at last - not on your nilly, there was a long and hard road to come. In 2012 we approached the RCEL and received our contingent tickets for the Cenotaph parade with open arms - then a mere two days later an apology arrived from a faceless bureaucrat to say that the Royal British Legion was ahead of itself in issuing the tickets and they had to be retracted - as South African Legion, we were not 'recognised' (their term exactly).

This 'non-recognition' was utter balderdash, codswallop of the highest order and it was clear to us that within the British establishment there existed concern over South African military veterans - the whole 'Apartheid legacy' and 'leaving the Commonwealth' issue had extended its tentacles into an area where it had no place whatsoever - Remembrance of the Fallen.

Highly annoying, and before it blew up out of proportion, to overcome the problem a solution was presented by the Royal British Legion themselves. Come into the fold as a Royal British Legion branch, advance the relationship and values of the South African Legion and the Royal British Legion as a brother organisations, work up the credibility as veterans after a 50 year absence, create a South African presence at the Cenotaph parade and become 'recognised' from within the establishment itself.

Norman headed off to Africa to take on a new life, so the establishment of the South African Branch of the Royal British Legion and the formatting of the South African Legion in the United Kingdom fell on my shoulders. The Royal British Legion (RBL) had in effect thrown the South Africans a life-line and it's a life-line the RBL would come through for the South African Legion and South African veterans time and again.

Back in the fold

Things had changed when it came to the annual Whitehall Cenotaph Parade in the past decade. It had become a well oiled institution with an unchanged parade order developed and refined over decades - and the same BBC announcer rolls off the ceremony with the same camera positions, year after year. No upstart 'new-comer' is going to reinvent this process in a hurry.

The parade is run in two parts by three separate institutions working together. In essence there is a 'front part' involving the Royal Family, representatives of Her Majesty's Armed Forces, representatives of the House of Commons and House of Lords and the representatives from all the Commonwealth states (i.e. High Commissioners) including South Africa. They conduct the ceremony of wreath laying in the 'hollow square' around the Cenotaph i.e. in accordance with a drum head service. This bit is run by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and the Department of Culture, Media & Sport.

The second part, the 'back part' - which is the 'march past' the Cenotaph - is generally run by the Royal British Legion. There are four general parts to it.

Firstly - British Service Associations (Regimental Associations and the like) who have served the 'crown' in the past and who continue to serve 'crown'.

Secondly - Guests of the Royal British Legion. These are associations allowed to parade from time to time because of their links to Britain - and here we find a mixed bag of Polish veteran associations and Czech contingents (because of their association to The Battle of Britain) as well as invited US Marine veterans, etc (D-Day association). 'Guests' come and go, based on ticket demand (there is a limited allocation) and changing circumstances, and as our MOTH colleagues unfortunately found out at the centennial cenotaph parade this year when their tickets were not issued - a ticket in this category is by no means an assured one for annual parading.

Thirdly - there is the Royal British Legion themselves and their branches - and as an international brotherhood it is into this category that the South African Legion veteran contingent falls (and other countries represented within the RBL's share of influence itself - the Canadian Legion and veterans are a case in point).

South African Legion contingent march past the Whitehall Cenotaph in 2017

Fourthly - there is a section open to the general public to participate, and in the case of the centennial this fell to a 'ballot system' to randomly select applications from members of the public for what is known as the 'people's march'.

The disappointment of 2012 behind us, 2013 found the South African veteran contingent represented for the first time as South African Legion when a handful of about 10 tickets were allocated to the RBL South African Branch, and this spiked a greater demand - and with that unfortunately came controversy within the South African veteran community in the U.K.

By 2014 there were 50 South African veterans represented as SA Legion at the Whitehall Cenotaph parade - a huge honour and reflection on the hard work been done to get South African representation at this parade over the line. The Royal British Legion had provided a 'life boat' for the South Africans towing it along in what was going to be a very troubled sea - and this RBL lifeboat would eventually even save the Delville Wood Centenary Parade in France for all South African military veteran associations in 2016.

Troubled seas ahead, and typically the South Africans were making waves in their own tub. From October 2014 to May 2015 the South African Legion in the U.K. found itself marred by a number of veterans wanting to pull the organisation in all sorts of conflicting directions. The old adage came true - put two South Africans in a room and they will come up with three political parties, and it all essentially boiled down to individual members trying to shoe horn Legion values (and even things like Legion dress code) into the values and codes of other veteran associations or even into their own individual perceptions and needs. The net outcome of this is that a few good men decided to jump out the life boat and try to swim it alone, highly regrettable and the unfortunate outcome is that they took their eyes off the ball, and none of them made it to the finish line on 11/11 at Whitehall.

Re-dedication of South Africa's own Cenotaph in London

2014 saw more significant advances in bringing South African representation back to its rightful place in the UK - and that was the rededication of South Africa's own Cenotaph in Richmond, London - and it was literally a case of 'Lost and Found'.

The South African Hospital was established in Richmond Park in London in June 1916. In July 1918, it was amalgamated with the Richmond Military Hospital, to form the South African Military Hospital, in order to provide care for the large number of South African troops injured whilst serving in the First World War.

Rededication of the South African War Memorial in Richmond London by The South African Legion

The South African Hospital and Comforts Fund Committee decided to erect a memorial to commemorate thirty-nine South African soldiers who were buried in Richmond Cemetery, which was at that time known as 'soldiers corner'. The memorial carries an inscription in both English and Dutch (which was at the time a recognised official language of SA). Called 'The South African War Memorial', it was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and derives from Lutyens' Cenotaph in Whitehall. Yes, the same one that rises to prominence on Remembrance Day in London.

The South African War Memorial was unveiled by General Smuts in June 1921 and it became the focus of South African pilgrimage throughout the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. Since then it became neglected and lay forgotten until 1981, when the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) agreed to take on the maintenance of the memorial on behalf of the Nationalist South African Government - who had expressed no interest in it whatsoever and did not even acknowledge it on the SADF's list of South African war memorials overseas.

In 2012 the South African War Memorial in Richmond was awarded a 'Grade II' status and was added to the List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. However, still no South Africans in authority were even aware of its existence. To that point, the last parade held at the memorial had taken place there more than 70 years ago.

Tom Mason, a member of the South African Legion in the United Kingdom, came across this memorial whilst members of the CWGC were cleaning it. The history of it pricked Tom's interest and he brought it back to the South African Legion.

In quick time the South African Legion U.K. arranged a rededication service for the memorial and notified General Andersen of the SANDF of the monument's existence. The monument is now again proudly listed on South Africa's official war memorials as outlined by the SANDF. The monument is now also the central location for annual South African Pilgrimages as well as regular South African memorial parades in London. The South African Legion's emblem was proudly unveiled at a centenary parade in the Richmond Cemetary Chapel in thanks to renewed interest in the site.

By May 2015 the Royal British Legion, South African Branch also brought the site to the attention of the RBL. The RBL SA Branch standard was officially dedicated in a ceremony held at the Richmond Cemetary Chapel and South African War Memorial Cenotaph next to it - the dedication took place with numerous branches of the RBL and other veteran organisations in attendance. This South African RBL standard now proudly carries three scrolls on it - it has twice won 'The Churchill Cup' as a branch for dedication, growth and reputation and it took part in GP 90 in 2018 and carries the 'Ypres 2018' scroll.

Throwing out a significant life-line

By November 2015, a large South African Legion veterans' contingent of 40-odd veterans found themselves on parade at Whitehall during the Remembrance Sunday Cenotaph parade, the HMS RBL bravely toeing the South Africans along. However a bigger challenge was looming - much bigger, and it would be the Royal British Legion to the rescue again - not just for South African Legion veterans in the U.K., but for all South African veterans' organisations and formations in South Africa itself - and it took place in France.

In the beginning of 2016 arrangements in South Africa were going on swimmingly for the marking of the centenary and the extensive South African sacrifice in The Battle of Delville Wood in France in July 1916. An entire South African pilgrimage had been arranged for this centenary event in France - consisting of family members, high school students, all South Africa's regimental and armed forces' associations which fall under the banner of the SA Council of Military Veterans' Organisations and all veteran associations - including the South African Legion and Memorable Order of Tin Hats - leave, flights, hotels and busses - all booked.

Then step in the former South African President Jacob Zuma, who decided that the Centenary commemoration date of the Battle of Delville Wood itself did not suite his travel plans. So he changed it, with a couple of months to go, then he ordered the military and high commission to toe his line, closed the site to his date only and threw everyone else's plans out of the window.

The long and short, it was impossible to move the entire South African pilgrimage to the Somme and The Battle of Delville Wood for the Centenary to suit the President's new date. Help was needed for the hundreds of South Africans who were going to be stranded on the Somme with no commemoration to attend - and it came from the Royal British Legion working in conjunction with the Royal British Legion's South African Branch, the South African Legion and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission to use of the Thiepval Memorial on the Somme in France as an alternative venue.

In this way all the South African pilgrims in France could celebrate the centenary of the full commitment and sacrifice of South Africans to the Somme offensive including, but not exclusive to Delville Wood.

Thiepval was also relevant, although it's the 'British' go-to memorial on the Somme it is also a South African memorial - the official designation of Thiepval is the "Memorial to the 72 195 British and South African servicemen, who died in the Battle of the Somme of the First World War between 1915 and 1918, with no known grave". The Thiepval Memorial records the names of 858 South Africans lost during the Somme offensive - including all the 'missing' from The Battle of Delville Wood.

The Royal British Legion (RBL) events' division jumped in - keen to assist, and they blocked one of their daily "live broadcast" Somme Parades and dedicated the 10th July to a specific South African day.

The Delville Wood Centenary Remembrance at Thiepval parade went ahead on the proper date - and it went ahead to achieve high acclaim from all South African veterans' associations and it marked a great success all round - especially to the family members of South Africans lost on the Somme and to South African High Schools and Youth Organisations attending the Somme centenary - who otherwise would have had nothing at all.

And 'across the line'...

In 2016 and 2017 the South African Legionnaires continued their representation at the annual Whitehall Cenotaph Parade on Remembrance Sunday. In 2017 the South African Legion also formalised an annual pilgrimage parade at the Richmond South African Cenotaph on 'Poppy Day' which is the annual Saturday preceding Remembrance Sunday.

By the time the centenary of the end of World War One came around on the 11th November 2018 (1918-2018) at 11am - the South African Legionnaires were front and forward. Attending the parade in the South African branch lifeboat, which had come through and carried the South African contingent over the line. It had been one heck of journey, along the way the bonds and ties between the two Legion's had been deepened and secured, the South African veterans had risen to show their true colours of leadership and determination winning both Royal British Legion accolades and respect. The presence of the South Africans now 'recognised' and the relationship between the two organisations stronger than ever and growing.

As to the Memorable Order of Tin Hats (MOTH), a South African veteran order with a root in both countries - the U.K. and S.A. As a combat brotherhood, many South African Legionnaires on the Cenotaph Parade in Whitehall are also members of the order, so too many MOTHs are Legionnaires - most representing their specific shellhole. The MOTH has benefited from the resurgence of the SA Legion in the U.K. as they now have an avenue to present themselves at Legion-led South African commemorative parades, such as the Remembrance Parade now held regularly on 'Poppy Day' in Richmond at the South African cenotaph located there.

The future looks bright as long as the 'special relationship' with the Royal British Legion is kept, trying to swim it alone in a foreign country in the hopes that the British establishment will somehow bend their entire remembrance culture to suite this or that South African idiocracy is a foolish endeavour, and that unfortunately has been proved time and again, and it stood in stark proof to all present at the Centenary Cenotaph Parade in London. A better course is to stand in unity and with singular voice, demonstrating values acceptable to the host - and the Royal British Legion's South African Branch is the ideal vessel to do this - sink this particular boat and the rest will ultimately all slip away.

South African Legionnaires on the march during the centenary cenotaph parade 11/11/2018

You can see now why a lot fell on the shoulders of the South African veteran's at the Whitehall Cenotaph. When that gun signalled the silence during the Armistice Day Centenary Parade, they stood to proud attention as the only South Africans represented there, aside from the High Commissioner.

It had been a journey starting a century ago when the guns were silenced on the western front, and it had been a journey to correct half a century of silence as South Africa stood in exclusion.

Here these veterans finally stood in recognition of South African sacrifice at the very epicentre of the entire Remembrance movement started here one hundred years previously - soundly in memory of those South Africans who 'did not come home'.

3.0 Of interest...

100 years ago - breaking news of the 'False Armistice'

Posted on centenarynews.com on 07 November 2018

Writing for Centenary News, James Smith revisits the story of how premature reports of an end to the Great War flashed around the world on 7 November 1918.

The 'real' Armistice agreement with Germany, signed on Monday 11 November 1918, finally ended the First World War with a cease-fire starting at 11 o'clock that morning. It was the last of the September-November 1918 armistices between the belligerents, and was celebrated with enormous joy and relief in the Allied countries.

Four days earlier, on Thursday 7 November, false news of an armistice agreement had provoked similar rejoicing by millions of people across the world. Celebrated in France, Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, and probably elsewhere, this was the so-called False Armistice.

The 7 November armistice news was not the cruel hoax some believed it to be, or a piece of fake news - disinformation - put together deliberately to deceive. It arose in France from information relating to the German armistice delegation then on its way to obtain the Allies' armistice terms from Marshal Foch. Specifically, from a German wireless message of 7 November declaring a 3:00 p.m. cease-fire.

An investigation by G-2, the American Army's Intelligence Service, found that a number of officers had "caught" the German message and wrongly taken it to mean that an armistice had been agreed and the war would end at 3 o'clock that afternoon.

The officers passed on their misconstrued information; it soon reached the American Embassy, military bases around the country and, eventually, the general public. The French censors in Paris ordered the newspapers not to report what, they rightly insisted, was unconfirmed war news, and instructed regional censors to block its transmission. The newspapers complied. Private telephones, military telegraph networks, and word-of-mouth, however, were beyond the censors' reach, and the false news continued to spread.

Cablegrams

From France, it was sent to the United States in two distinct cablegram messages, one to Washington, DC, the other to New York City. Both arrived before noon on 7 November, local time, which was five hours behind French time.

The earlier of the two arrived at the War Department in Washington, just before 9:00 a.m., by military wire from Paris. Sent by Major B.H. Warburton, the military attaché at the American Embassy, it stated simply that the armistice had been signed.

While the War and State Departments were waiting for verification of Warburton's news, false armistice information from the other cablegram arrived in New York City, not long before midday, from the port of Brest, on France's Atlantic coast. Forwarded from here by Roy Howard, president of the United Press news agency, it stated that Germany had signed an armistice at eleven o'clock that morning and hostilities had ceased at two o'clock that afternoon.

Howard had obtained the news from Admiral Henry Wilson, the commander of US naval forces in France whose headquarters were in Brest. The admiral had received it earlier, by military wire, from the American naval attaché in Paris, Captain R.H. Jackson. Believing it to be official, Wilson released the peace news to the townspeople and gave Howard permission to dispatch a copy to United Press in New York.

Celebrations

Howard and Admiral Wilson's interpreter took the message to the trans-Atlantic cable-head building in the town. When they arrived, the local censors' office there was empty - the censors were outside celebrating the peace news. The interpreter therefore took the message straight to the transmission room and had it sent to New York. Here, the American censors assumed it had been cleared by the French and allowed United Press to release it. Within a very short time, hundreds of subscribing newspapers were circulating the false peace news, with memorable results in towns and cities across the United States.

The Brest message crossed the border into the Canadian Provinces of Ontario and Quebec almost as soon as it had arrived in New York (in the same time zone). It spread west to British Colombia and, from Vancouver, to Australia and New Zealand where it was their morning of Friday 8 November. Celebrations broke out almost everywhere the news circulated.

Newspapers also reported it, and subsequent festivities, in Mexico, Cuba and Argentina, where there were expatriate communities from the Allied nations and Germany. In Havana and Buenos Aires rival demonstrations marked the supposed return of peace, with clashes between the two sides breaking out in the Argentine capital.

In Britain, false armistice news, most probably from Paris, was sent to the American Embassy in London. The Reuters news agency acquired it and, in a bulletin stating simply that "according to official American information, the armistice with Germany was signed at 2.30", released it to the British press. Celebrations broke out in England, Wales and Scotland during the late afternoon and early evening, as the news went out onto the streets.

Reuters did not submit its bulletin to the British censors at the Official Press Bureau. The agency sent it out without their clearance, expecting perhaps that its actions would be condoned later given the news' obvious national importance. By doing so, Reuters unwittingly made sure that Britain also would experience a False Armistice - as it happened, about half an hour before the false news broke in the United States.

Explaining the false armistice news

Reporting later on the false news, the US Army Intelligence Service, G-2, explained that the 7 November 3:00 p.m. German cease-fire order "was to allow the German Armistice Delegates to get through the lines, and was only local in its scope."

However, the message, intended for Marshal Foch's Headquarters in Senlis, did not specify that the order would apply only to the front-line sector where the armistice delegates were due to cross. Because of this, G-2 implied, it was the source of the false armistice news: the officers who intercepted it then misinterpreted it "as being a signal that the Armistice had been signed." In other words, the officers assumed the 3:00 p.m. cease-fire was general (not merely local) in extent, and must have been preceded by an armistice agreement (signed at 11:00 a.m.?) to end the war. The report did not name the officers responsible for the error, but it blamed French Intelligence and American Liaison Service officers for spreading it.

An important detail, often not pointed out in First World War histories, is that German time on the Western Front was one hour ahead of French/Allied time in November 1918. The German 3:00 p.m. local cease-fire therefore began at 2:00 p.m. on the French side of where the delegates crossed the front lines, which helps partly to explain the times of the ending of the war given in the Brest and London false peace messages.

Other - conspiracy-theory-type - explanations appeared in the United States not long afterwards. The main one imagined a lone German spy 'phoning the American Embassy in Paris with armistice disinformation in a desperate attempt to undermine Allied plans to impose punitive peace terms on Germany. Another argued that an armistice was actually signed on 7 November but then postponed, thereby extending the war and its horrors for four more days, and that those involved tried to hide these events by inventing a false armistice explanation.

Such implausible stories, together with anniversary features in newspapers, helped to refresh American memories of the False Armistice for many years after 1918. In other countries, where there seems to have been little subsequent interest in it, the False Armistice was probably soon forgotten.

(NOTE: A copy of the G-2 report, discussion of its findings, and articles on other 7 November 1918 events are available at www.falsearmistice1918.com )

James Smith is a retired history teacher, for whom the False Armistice is a long-standing research interest.

© Centenary News & James Smith